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Retinal vascular changes occur when the vasospatic reaction to an acute pressure rises. This also comprises the arteriolosclerotic response to chronic elevation. These changes are marked by generalized arteriolar narrowing, more marked generalized narrowing with irregular points of focal constriction. Other features are generalized and focal narrowing with retinal hemorrhages and hard exudates. It is also characterized by swelling of the optical disk, decreased venular visibility at arteriovenous crossing points. For treatment of these conditions a sophisticated zeiss double frequency YAG laser has been acquired. This equipment is especially useful for diabetic retinopathy. Surgery is resorted to in cases of detachment of retina.
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